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from the Unsuccessful GM Chestnut Experiment</P>
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                                <DIV align=center> NEWSLETTER | JANUARY 17, 
                                2025</DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></DIV>
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                                Darling 58 Debacle</H1>
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                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"><SPAN></SPAN>LATE 
                                ONE FRIDAY evening in December 2023, the 
                                American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) issued a 
                                stunning press release announcing the end of a 
                                years-long effort to genetically engineer a 
                                disease-resistant American chestnut tree.</P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px">For 
                                years, researchers have been trying to figure 
                                out a way to save the tree, an iconic North 
                                American species that has been devastated by 
                                blight. But the modified trees that the 
                                foundation was experimenting with, dubbed 
                                “Darling 58,” were defective. Their growth was 
                                stunted, they had lost their ability to fight 
                                off disease, and many of them had died. For 
                                proponents of genetic engineering (GE), the news 
                                was a major setback. To those of us who prefer 
                                less extreme measures, however, it was a 
                                reprieve.</P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px">Until 
                                the early 1900s, the American chestnut tree was 
                                common across the Eastern United States and was 
                                an important component of the forest ecosystem 
                                that provided food for Indigenous peoples as 
                                well as for wildlife.</P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px">Then 
                                disaster hit. The spread of an introduced blight 
                                devastated the species. This prompted dramatic 
                                but failed attempts by scientists, foresters, 
                                and government agencies to try to prevent the 
                                spread of the blight, caused by a foreign fungus 
                                called Cryphonectria parasitica, a native to 
                                East and Southeast Asia that made its way into 
                                Europe and North America in the early 1900s. 
                                These efforts included cutting down countless 
                                American chestnuts, including healthy ones that 
                                might have been able to tolerate the 
disease.</P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px">Today, 
                                an estimated 4 million American chestnuts still 
                                exist in the forests of the eastern US. Most of 
                                these have sprouted from the stumps of the 
                                felled giants, but some are large survivors that 
                                never succumbed to the disease.</P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px">Efforts 
                                are underway to build the population back, but 
                                there are two camps. On one side, anti-GMO 
                                American chestnut restoration enthusiasts are 
                                working to bring the chestnut back naturally. 
                                The other camp, which advocates for GE 
                                interventions, believes in a faster approach. 
                                And it has a lot of backing.</P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"></P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"></P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; BACKGROUND-COLOR: white; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 5pt; FONT-SIZE: 16px" 
                                align=center><EM>Anne Petermann, co-founder and 
                                executive director of Global Justice 
                                Ecology Project, reports on the lessons 
                                learned from <SPAN>failed attempts to 
                                genetically engineer the American 
                                chestnut.</SPAN></EM></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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                        style="BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
                        align=center>
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                          <TR align=middle>
                            <TD style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse" 
                              align=middle><DIV><A 
                              style="BORDER-BOTTOM: #cddbe0 4px solid; TEXT-ALIGN: center; BORDER-LEFT: #cddbe0 4px solid; LINE-HEIGHT: 50px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; WIDTH: 135px; DISPLAY: inline-block; FONT-FAMILY: sans-serif; COLOR: #8b8b8b; FONT-SIZE: 18px; BORDER-TOP: #cddbe0 4px solid; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; BORDER-RIGHT: #cddbe0 4px solid; TEXT-DECORATION: none; border-radius: 0px" 
                              href="https://donate.earthisland.org/s/3255239/ylSaW5VM" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank>READ 
                          MORE</A></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
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                              style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; MAX-WIDTH: 100%" 
                              border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" 
                              align=left>
                                <TBODY>
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                                <TD 
                                style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 0px" 
                                vAlign=top>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"><SPAN 
                                style="FONT-SIZE: 12px"></SPAN>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"><STRONG><SPAN>Photo 
                                by </SPAN></STRONG><A style="COLOR: #8dc7de" 
                                href="https://donate.earthisland.org/s/3255240/ylSaW5VM" 
                                rel=noreferrer 
                                target=_blank><STRONG><SPAN>Heather Wharram / 
                                Alamy</SPAN></STRONG></A></P>
                                <P 
                                style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"></P>
                                <P></P></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
                        <TABLE 
                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
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                              <TABLE 
                              style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; BORDER-TOP: #eaeaea 2px solid" 
                              border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 
                                width="100%"><TBODY>
                                <TR>
                                <TD 
                                style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse"><SPAN></SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></CENTER></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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                  style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
                  border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%">
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                      style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 18px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 0px" 
                      vAlign=top align=middle>
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                        style="BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: separate !important; border-radius: 1px" 
                        border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 bgColor=#262626>
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                            <TD 
                            style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 10px; PADDING-LEFT: 10px; PADDING-RIGHT: 10px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px; PADDING-TOP: 10px" 
                            vAlign=center align=middle><A 
                              style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; LINE-HEIGHT: 100%; LETTER-SPACING: 2px; COLOR: #ffffff; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none" 
                              title="SUGGESTED BROWSING" 
                              rel=noreferrer>SUGGESTED BROWSING</A> 
                          </TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
                  <TABLE 
                  style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
                  border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%">
                    <TBODY>
                    <TR>
                      <TD style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 9px" 
                      vAlign=top>
                        <TABLE 
                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; MAX-WIDTH: 100%" 
                        border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" 
                        align=left>
                          <TBODY>
                          <TR>
                            <TD 
                            style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 9px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 0px" 
                            vAlign=top>
                              <H1 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 5px 0px; FONT-FAMILY: merriweather,georgia,times new roman,serif; LETTER-SPACING: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 25px; FONT-WEIGHT: 700" 
                              align=left><STRONG><A 
                              style="COLOR: #5e9aab; TEXT-DECORATION: none" 
                              href="https://donate.earthisland.org/s/3255241/ylSaW5VM" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank>A Map for the Future 
                              </A></STRONG></H1>
                              <DIV align=left>
                              <P 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"><SPAN></SPAN>“Los 
                              Angeles is sometimes painted as a soulless sprawl 
                              of freeway overpasses and parking lots. I always 
                              find that a lazy take, neither fresh nor 
                              accurate.” <SPAN>As we try to understand the 
                              enormous disaster unfolding in Los Angeles, writer 
                              Michael Oates Palmer provides a lay of the land. 
                              </SPAN>(<A style="COLOR: #8dc7de" 
                              href="https://bittersoutherner.com/2025/some-maps-of-los-angeles" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank><EM>Bitter 
                              Southerner</EM></A>)</P></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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                  style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
                  border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%">
                    <TBODY>
                    <TR>
                      <TD style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 9px" 
                      vAlign=top>
                        <TABLE 
                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; MAX-WIDTH: 100%" 
                        border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" 
                        align=left>
                          <TBODY>
                          <TR>
                            <TD 
                            style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 9px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 0px" 
                            vAlign=top>
                              <H1 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 5px 0px; FONT-FAMILY: merriweather,georgia,times new roman,serif; LETTER-SPACING: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 25px; FONT-WEIGHT: 700" 
                              align=left><STRONG><A 
                              style="COLOR: #5e9aab; TEXT-DECORATION: none" 
                              href="https://donate.earthisland.org/s/3255242/ylSaW5VM" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank>Camp 
                              Blues</A></STRONG></H1>
                              <DIV align=left>
                              <P 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"><SPAN><SPAN><SPAN><SPAN><SPAN><SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>So 
                              many of us long to shape our children into nature 
                              and outdoors lovers; into little humans who would 
                              rather spend days wading in streams and planting 
                              vegetable gardens instead of hypnotized by 
                              screens. But what happens when pushing them into 
                              the outdoors also means tearing them away from the 
                              relationships that ground them? A mother reflects. 
                              (<A style="COLOR: #8dc7de" 
                              href="https://hippocampusmagazine.com/2024/11/my-rock-by-monika-dutt/" 
                              rel=noreferrer 
                              target=_blank><EM>Hippocampus</EM></A>)</P></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
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                  style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
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                    <TBODY>
                    <TR>
                      <TD style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 9px" 
                      vAlign=top>
                        <TABLE 
                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; MAX-WIDTH: 100%" 
                        border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" 
                        align=left>
                          <TBODY>
                          <TR>
                            <TD 
                            style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 9px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 0px" 
                            vAlign=top>
                              <H1 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 5px 0px; FONT-FAMILY: merriweather,georgia,times new roman,serif; LETTER-SPACING: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 25px; FONT-WEIGHT: 700" 
                              align=left><STRONG><A 
                              style="COLOR: #5e9aab; TEXT-DECORATION: none" 
                              href="https://donate.earthisland.org/s/3255243/ylSaW5VM" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank>Stranger the Better? 
                              </A></STRONG></H1>
                              <DIV align=left>
                              <P 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"><SPAN>“Weird 
                              meat is a departure from what the cell-meat 
                              industry originally promised. It’ll be expensive, 
                              to start with.… It’ll feature tastes and textures 
                              that don’t exist in nature. And it’ll be made from 
                              animals that people aren’t used to eating. Think 
                              crocodile, peacock, songbird, and more.” (<A 
                              style="COLOR: #8dc7de" 
                              href="https://thefern.org/2024/12/the-strange-future-of-lab-grown-meat/" 
                              rel=noreferrer 
                              target=_blank><EM>FERN</EM></A>)</SPAN><A 
                              style="COLOR: #8dc7de" 
                              href="https://thefern.org/2024/12/the-strange-future-of-lab-grown-meat/" 
                              rel=noreferrer 
                              target=_blank><SPAN></SPAN></A></P></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
                  <TABLE 
                  style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
                  border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%">
                    <TBODY>
                    <TR>
                      <TD style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 9px" 
                      vAlign=top>
                        <TABLE 
                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; MAX-WIDTH: 100%" 
                        border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" 
                        align=left>
                          <TBODY>
                          <TR>
                            <TD 
                            style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 9px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 0px" 
                            vAlign=top>
                              <H1 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 5px 0px; FONT-FAMILY: merriweather,georgia,times new roman,serif; LETTER-SPACING: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 25px; FONT-WEIGHT: 700" 
                              align=left><STRONG><A 
                              style="COLOR: #5e9aab; TEXT-DECORATION: none" 
                              href="https://donate.earthisland.org/s/3255244/ylSaW5VM" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank>Local 
                              Hero</A></STRONG></H1>
                              <DIV align=left>
                              <P 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 'Lato','Helvetica Neue',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; FONT-SIZE: 16px"><SPAN><SPAN></SPAN></SPAN>Few 
                              people took Diane Wilson seriously 30 years ago, 
                              when she first started complaining about how 
                              Formosa Plastics was polluting Texas’s Matagorda 
                              Bay. Today, the former shrimper is directing a $50 
                              million settlement she won from the petrochemical 
                              giant towards reviving the ecosystem and fishing 
                              industry there. (<A style="COLOR: #8dc7de" 
                              href="https://www.texastribune.org/2025/01/03/texas-pollution-settlement-formosa-plastics-diane-wilson-matagorda-bay/" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank><EM>Texas 
                              Tribune</EM></A>)<SPAN></SPAN></P></DIV></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
                  <TABLE 
                  style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
                  border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%">
                    <TBODY>
                    <TR>
                      <TD 
                      style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-BOTTOM: 20px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 20px">
                        <TABLE 
                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; BORDER-TOP: #eaeaea 2px solid" 
                        border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%">
                          <TBODY>
                          <TR>
                            <TD 
                            style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse"><SPAN></SPAN></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
                  <TABLE 
                  style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important" 
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                    <TBODY>
                    <TR>
                      <TD style="BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 9px" 
                      vAlign=top>
                        <TABLE 
                        style="MIN-WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-SPACING: 0 !important; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse !important; MAX-WIDTH: 100%" 
                        border=0 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=0 width="100%" 
                        align=left>
                          <TBODY>
                          <TR>
                            <TD 
                            style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 9px; PADDING-LEFT: 18px; PADDING-RIGHT: 18px; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse; PADDING-TOP: 0px" 
                            vAlign=top>
                              <H1 
                              style="LINE-HEIGHT: normal; MARGIN: 5px 0px; FONT-FAMILY: merriweather,georgia,times new roman,serif; LETTER-SPACING: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 25px; FONT-WEIGHT: 700"><STRONG><A 
                              style="COLOR: #f29f2c; TEXT-DECORATION: none" 
                              href="https://donate.earthisland.org/s/3255245/ylSaW5VM" 
                              rel=noreferrer target=_blank>
                              <H1 
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<DIV>From: <STRONG dir=auto class=gmail_sendername>Editors, Earth Island 
Journal</STRONG> <SPAN dir=auto><<A 
href="mailto:editor@earthisland.org">editor@earthisland.org</A>></SPAN><BR>Date: 
сб, 18 янв. 2025 г., 3:45<BR>Subject: The Darling 58 
Debacle<BR><BR><BR></DIV></BODY></HTML>