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<DIV dir=ltr>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Друзья, спасибо Андрею! <BR></DIV>
<DIV>Действительно очень интересная статья о диаметрально противоположной
социальной реакции жителей Северной Америки и Северной Евразии на климатические
кризисы 600 лет тому назад. <BR></DIV>
<DIV>Предполагаю, что в нашем настоящем и будущем социально-экономические
процессы будут различными в разных "уголках" нашей круглой планеты. <BR></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Доброго,</DIV>
<DIV>Свет <BR></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>
<DIV dir=ltr class=gmail_attr>От: <B dir=auto class=gmail_sendername>Andrey
Laletin</B> <SPAN dir=auto><<A
href="mailto:laletin3@gmail.com">laletin3@gmail.com</A>></SPAN><BR>Date: вт,
14 мая 2024 г. в 06:56<BR>Subject: Fwd: [ICCA Consortium FORUM] During the
Little Ice Age, Native North Americans devised whole new economic, social, and
political structures<BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr class=gmail_attr>Свет, привет из Сибири!</DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Высылаю интересную статью как вклад в твой диалог с Игорем Бабаниным.</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Андрей.<BR><BR>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>
<DIV dir=ltr class=gmail_attr>---------- Forwarded message ---------<BR>От: <B
dir=auto class=gmail_sendername>Terence Hay-Edie</B> <SPAN dir=auto><<A
href="mailto:terence.hay-edie@undp.org"
target=_blank>terence.hay-edie@undp.org</A>></SPAN><BR>Date: вт, 14 мая
2024 г. в 04:07<BR>Subject: [ICCA Consortium FORUM] During the Little Ice Age,
Native North Americans devised whole new economic, social, and political
structures<BR><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr class=gmail_attr><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></SPAN> </DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr class=gmail_attr><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dear ICCA friends,
<U></U><U></U></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV style="WORD-WRAP: break-word" lang=EN-US vlink="#96607D" link="#467886">
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sharing with you all a timely
historical reflection on past social and governance responses to climate change
dating from the 1400s prior to the colonial period. <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Kind regards,
<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Terence<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri',sans-serif; COLOR: #404040"><A
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2024/04/little-ice-age-native-north-america-climate-change/677944/?campaign_id=54&emc=edit_clim_20240409&gift=Jt-1qNm01l52IpAdJoE_J27LoPMNx_F7dfKff0uGsDI&instance_id=119740&nl=climate-forward®i_id=43511006&se"
target=_blank>https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2024/04/little-ice-age-native-north-america-climate-change/677944/?campaign_id=54&emc=edit_clim_20240409&gift=Jt-1qNm01l52IpAdJoE_J27LoPMNx_F7dfKff0uGsDI&instance_id=119740&nl=climate-forward®i_id=43511006&se</A><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri',sans-serif; COLOR: #404040"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<H1
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 39pt; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 13.5pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-WEIGHT: normal">A
600-Year-Old Blueprint for Weathering Climate Change<U></U><U></U></SPAN></H1>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24pt; MARGIN: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt">During the
Little Ice Age, Native North Americans devised whole new economic, social, and
political structures.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<ADDRESS style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24pt"
id=m_-2386553745920105384m_-4742107116024922168byline><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">By <A
href="https://www.theatlantic.com/author/kathleen-duval/" target=_blank><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">Kathleen DuVal</SPAN></A><U></U><U></U></SPAN></ADDRESS>
<ADDRESS style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </ADDRESS>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; COLOR: #5e6a74; FONT-SIZE: 8.5pt"><IMG
style="WIDTH: 4.562in; HEIGHT: 2.562in"
id=m_-2386553745920105384m_-4742107116024922168Picture_x0020_2 border=0
alt="a ruin of a pre-columbian city"
src="cid:816E06D91F2946BA9B0BCD845298C3B5@lewpostnew" width=438
height=246></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; COLOR: #5e6a74; FONT-SIZE: 8.5pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: #404040"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></B> </P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Around the
year 1300, the Huhugam great chief Siwani ruled over a mighty city near what is
now Phoenix, Arizona. His domain included adobe-and-stone pyramids that towered
several stories above the desert; an irrigation system that watered 15,000 acres
of crops; and a large castle. The O’odham descendants of the Huhugam tell in
their oral history that Siwani “reaped very large harvests with his two
servants, the Wind and the Storm-cloud.” By Siwani’s time, Huhugam farms and
cities had thrived in the Sonoran Desert for nearly 1,000 years. But then the
weather refused to cooperate: Drought and flooding destroyed the city, and
Siwani lost his awesome power, driven away by an angry mob.</SPAN><B><SPAN
style="COLOR: #404040; FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Siwani was
one of many leaders across North America in the 13th and 14th centuries who, in
part because of climate change, faced destruction of the civilization they
ruled. Beginning in the 13th century, the Northern Hemisphere experienced a
dramatic climatic shift. First came drought, then a period of cold, volatile
weather known as the Little Ice Age. In its depths, the annual average
temperature in the Northern Hemisphere may have been 5 degrees colder than in
the preceding Medieval Warm Period. It snowed in Alabama and South Texas. Famine
killed perhaps 1 million people around the world.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Native
North Americans and Western Europeans responded very differently to the changes.
Western Europeans doubled down on their preexisting ways of living, whereas
Native North Americans devised whole new economic, social, and political
structures to fit the changing climate. A common stereotype of Native Americans
is that, before 1492, they were primitive peoples who lived in tune with nature.
It is true that, in the 1400s, the Indigenous people of what is now the United
States and Canada generally lived more sustainably than Europeans, but this was
no primitive or natural state. It was a purposeful response to the rapid
transformation of their world—one that has implications for how we navigate
climate change today.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; WORD-SPACING: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Both Native
North Americans and Western Europeans had taken advantage of the Medieval Warm
Period, which began in the 10th century and ended in the 13th century, by
farming more intensively. Compared with the preceding centuries, the era brought
relatively predictable weather and a longer growing season that allowed new
crops and large-scale agriculture to spread into colder climes: from central
Mexico to what is now the United States, and from the Levant and Mesopotamia to
Western Europe, Mongolia, and the Sahel region of
Africa.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">In both
North America and Western Europe, agricultural expansion allowed population
growth and urbanization. Native Americans built grand cities on the scale of
those in Europe. Their ruins still stand across the continent: the stone
structures of Chaco Canyon, in New Mexico; the complex irrigation systems of the
Huhugam, in Arizona; the great mounds of Cahokia and other Mississippian cities
on rivers across the eastern half of the United States. Many groups formed
hierarchical class systems and were ruled by powerful leaders who claimed
supernatural powers—not unlike kings who ruled by divine right in
Europe.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; WORD-SPACING: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">But then
the climate reversed itself. In response, Native North American societies
developed a deep distrust of the centralization, hierarchy, and inequality of
the previous era, which they blamed for the famines and disruptions that had hit
cities hard. They turned away from omnipotent leaders and the cities they ruled,
and built new, smaller-scale ways of living, probably based in part on how their
distant ancestors lived.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">The oral
histories of many Native nations tell of revolutions against and flights from
cities. Cherokee oral history recalls how “the people rose up” and destroyed “a
hereditary secret society, since which time, no hereditary privileges have ever
been tolerated among the Cherokees.” Descendants of Chaco Canyon narrate how
wizards corrupted some leaders, so their people fought against the rulers or
simply left to establish more egalitarian societies. O’odham oral tradition
tells that after their ancestors revolted, they built smaller settlements and
less centralized irrigation systems throughout what today are the Phoenix and
Tucson basins.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">The cities
that Native Americans left behind during the Little Ice Age—ruins such as those
at Chaco Canyon and Cahokia—led European explorers and modern archaeologists
alike to imagine societal collapse and the tragic loss of a golden age. But oral
histories from the generations that followed the cities’ demise generally
described what came later as better. Smaller communities allowed for more
sustainable economies. Determined not to depend on one source of sustenance,
people supplemented their farming with increased hunting, fishing, and
gathering. They expanded existing networks of trade, carrying large amounts of
goods all across the continent in dugout canoes and on trading roads; these
routes provided a variety of products in good times and a safety net when
drought or other disasters stressed supplies. They developed societies that
encouraged balance and consensus, in part to mitigate the problems caused by
their changing climate.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; WORD-SPACING: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">To support
their new economies, Native North Americans instituted decentralized governing
structures with a variety of political checks and balances to prevent
dictatorial leaders from taking power and to ensure that all members of a
society had a say. Power and prestige lay not in amassing wealth but in assuring
that wealth was shared wisely, and leaders earned support in part by being good
providers and wise distributors. Many polities established councils of elders
and balanced power by pairing leaders, such as the war chief and the peace
chief; setting up male and female councils; and operating under family-based
clans that had members in multiple towns. In the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois)
Confederacy, for example, female clan leaders chose male representatives to the
Confederacy Council and could replace them if they didn’t do right by the
people. In most societies across North America, all of the people—women as well
as men—had some say in important decisions such as choosing a new leader, going
to war, or making peace. As the Anishinaabe historian Cary Miller wrote in her
book <A href="http://https/bookshop.org/a/12476/9780803295254"
target=_blank><I><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black">Ogimaag: Anishinaabeg
Leadership, 1760–1845</SPAN></I></A>, Native American nonhierarchical political
systems “were neither weak nor random but highly organized and
deliberate.”<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Underlying
the structural changes was an ideological shift toward reciprocity, an ideal of
sharing and balance that undergirded economics, politics, and religion across
much of the continent. The Sonoran Desert–living O’odham, for example, developed
a <I><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif">himdag</SPAN></I>, or “way
of life,” that taught that people are supposed to share with one another
according to what they have, especially the necessities of food, water, and
shelter. Reciprocity is not merely generosity; giving away a surplus is an
investment, insurance that others will help in your own time of need.
“Connection to others improved the chances of overcoming some calamity or
disaster that might befall the individual or group,” the Lumbee legal scholar
Robert A. Williams Jr. wrote in his book </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><A
href="http://https/bookshop.org/a/12476/9780415925778" target=_blank><I><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none">Linking
Arms Together: American Indian Treaty Visions of Law and Peace,
1600–1800</SPAN></I></A></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">By the late
1400s, the civilizations of what today is the United States, Canada, and
northern Mexico were more different from Western Europe than one would have
predicted during the Medieval Warm Period. From Russia to England, Europe moved
in the opposite direction in response to the changing climate. When the period
of droughts and then the Little Ice Age hit, hundreds of thousands of Europeans
starved to death, and the famines left people more susceptible to the Black
Death, which hit especially hard in the cities. Western Europeans, like North
Americans, searched for a ruling system that could best keep the people fed and
safe, but they opted for the opposite approach.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">In general,
as Western Europe recovered from the devastation of the Black Death and the end
of the Medieval Warm Period, it became more centralized under the rule of
hereditary absolute monarchs. Rulers in Europe amassed military power at home
and abroad, building large armies and investing in new military technologies,
including firearms. Militarization decreased the status of women’s labor, and
unlike the complementary gender structures that developed in Native North
America, patriarchy was the basis of power in Western Europe, from the pope and
kings to lords and priests, down to husbands within households. Through
mercantilism and colonization, Europeans sought natural resources abroad in
order to increase their power at home. That impulse brought them into contact
with Native North Americans, whose history of adaptation they could not see. Nor
could they see how intentionally Native Americans had decentralized their
systems of governance.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Native
Americans who visited European cities or even colonial towns were shocked at the
inequality and lack of freedom. The Muscogee Creek headman Tomochichi, for
example, visited London in 1734 and expressed surprise that the British king
lived in a palace with an unnecessarily large number of rooms. An Englishman
recorded that Tomochichi observed that the English “knew many things his
Countrymen did not” but “live worse than they.” In turn, there were Europeans
who wondered how North American societies could exist with dramatically fewer
strictures—and have less poverty—than their own. They generally labeled Native
American societies primitive rather than recognizing them as complicated
adaptations. Yet human choices had created these striking contrasts in reaction
to the same changed climate.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">The
descendants of North America’s great cities came to see value in the very act of
trying to get along better. What if, instead of doubling down on the ways we
have been living, we were to do what 13th- and 14th-century Native North
Americans did, and develop more balanced and inclusive economic, social, and
political systems to fit our changing climate? What if we put our highest
priority on spreading prosperity and distributing decision making more broadly?
It sounds unprecedented, but it has happened before.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in"><I><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">This
article has been adapted from Kathleen DuVal’s upcoming
book, </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><A
href="https://bookshop.org/a/12476/9780525511038" target=_blank><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">Native Nations: A Millennium in North
America</SPAN></A><I><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Garamond',serif">.</SPAN></I><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 22.5pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in">-- <BR>You
received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "ICCA
Consortium Membership Forum" group.<BR></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV><SPAN
class=gmail_signature_prefix>-- </SPAN><BR>
<DIV dir=ltr class=gmail_signature data-smartmail="gmail_signature">
<DIV dir=ltr>
<DIV>
<DIV>Best regards,</DIV>
<DIV>Andrey Laletin.</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Global Forest Coalition,</DIV>
<DIV>Regional Resource Person</DIV>
<DIV>and Membership Coordinator.</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Tel. mob. +7-9131870062</DIV>
<DIV>Fax +7-391-2498404</DIV>
<DIV>E-mail: <A href="mailto:laletin3@gmail.com"
target=_blank>laletin3@gmail.com</A></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>-- <BR>Вы получили это сообщение, поскольку подписаны на
группу "seu-international".<BR></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2 face=Arial></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A
title=svetfrog@gmail.com href="mailto:svetfrog@gmail.com">Svet Zabelin</A>
</DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, May 14, 2024 8:27 AM</DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> Fwd: [ICCA Consortium FORUM] During the Little Ice Age,
Native North Americans devised whole new economic, social, and political
structures</DIV></DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></BODY></HTML>