<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML
style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; MARGIN: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 0px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-TOP: 0px"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><HEAD><TITLE></TITLE>
<META content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv=Content-Type><!--[if !mso]><!-->
<META content=IE=edge http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible><!--<![endif]-->
<META name=viewport content=width=device-width>
<STYLE type=text/css>
@media Unknown
{
.column {
}
.wrapper {
MIN-WIDTH: 600px !important
}
.wrapper H1 {
}
.wrapper H1 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 36px !important; FONT-SIZE: 28px !important
}
.wrapper H2 {
}
.wrapper H2 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 31px !important; FONT-SIZE: 22px !important
}
.wrapper H3 {
}
.wrapper H3 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important; FONT-SIZE: 18px !important
}
.wrapper .size-8 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 14px !important; FONT-SIZE: 8px !important
}
.wrapper .size-8-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 14px !important; FONT-SIZE: 8px !important
}
.wrapper .size-8-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 14px !important; FONT-SIZE: 8px !important
}
.wrapper .size-8-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 16px !important
}
.wrapper .size-8-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 24px !important
}
.wrapper .size-9 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 16px !important; FONT-SIZE: 9px !important
}
.wrapper .size-9-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 16px !important; FONT-SIZE: 9px !important
}
.wrapper .size-9-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 16px !important; FONT-SIZE: 9px !important
}
.wrapper .size-9-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 18px !important
}
.wrapper .size-9-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 27px !important
}
.wrapper .size-10 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 18px !important; FONT-SIZE: 10px !important
}
.wrapper .size-10-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 18px !important; FONT-SIZE: 10px !important
}
.wrapper .size-10-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 18px !important; FONT-SIZE: 10px !important
}
.wrapper .size-10-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 20px !important
}
.wrapper .size-10-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 30px !important
}
.wrapper .size-11 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 19px !important; FONT-SIZE: 11px !important
}
.wrapper .size-11-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 19px !important; FONT-SIZE: 11px !important
}
.wrapper .size-11-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 19px !important; FONT-SIZE: 11px !important
}
.wrapper .size-11-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 22px !important
}
.wrapper .size-11-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 33px !important
}
.wrapper .size-12 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 19px !important; FONT-SIZE: 12px !important
}
.wrapper .size-12-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 19px !important; FONT-SIZE: 12px !important
}
.wrapper .size-12-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 19px !important; FONT-SIZE: 12px !important
}
.wrapper .size-12-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 24px !important
}
.wrapper .size-12-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 36px !important
}
.wrapper .size-13 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 21px !important; FONT-SIZE: 13px !important
}
.wrapper .size-13-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 21px !important; FONT-SIZE: 13px !important
}
.wrapper .size-13-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 21px !important; FONT-SIZE: 13px !important
}
.wrapper .size-13-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important
}
.wrapper .size-13-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 39px !important
}
.wrapper .size-14 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 21px !important; FONT-SIZE: 14px !important
}
.wrapper .size-14-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 21px !important; FONT-SIZE: 14px !important
}
.wrapper .size-14-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 21px !important; FONT-SIZE: 14px !important
}
.wrapper .size-14-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 28px !important
}
.wrapper .size-14-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 42px !important
}
.wrapper .size-15 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 23px !important; FONT-SIZE: 15px !important
}
.wrapper .size-15-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 23px !important; FONT-SIZE: 15px !important
}
.wrapper .size-15-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 23px !important; FONT-SIZE: 15px !important
}
.wrapper .size-15-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 30px !important
}
.wrapper .size-15-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 45px !important
}
.wrapper .size-16 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 24px !important; FONT-SIZE: 16px !important
}
.wrapper .size-16-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 24px !important; FONT-SIZE: 16px !important
}
.wrapper .size-16-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 24px !important; FONT-SIZE: 16px !important
}
.wrapper .size-16-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 32px !important
}
.wrapper .size-16-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 48px !important
}
.wrapper .size-17 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important; FONT-SIZE: 17px !important
}
.wrapper .size-17-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important; FONT-SIZE: 17px !important
}
.wrapper .size-17-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important; FONT-SIZE: 17px !important
}
.wrapper .size-17-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 34px !important
}
.wrapper .size-17-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 51px !important
}
.wrapper .size-18 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important; FONT-SIZE: 18px !important
}
.wrapper .size-18-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important; FONT-SIZE: 18px !important
}
.wrapper .size-18-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 26px !important; FONT-SIZE: 18px !important
}
.wrapper .size-18-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 36px !important
}
.wrapper .size-18-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 54px !important
}
.wrapper .size-20 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 28px !important; FONT-SIZE: 20px !important
}
.wrapper .size-20-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 28px !important; FONT-SIZE: 20px !important
}
.wrapper .size-20-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 28px !important; FONT-SIZE: 20px !important
}
.wrapper .size-20-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 40px !important
}
.wrapper .size-20-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 60px !important
}
.wrapper .size-22 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 31px !important; FONT-SIZE: 22px !important
}
.wrapper .size-22-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 31px !important; FONT-SIZE: 22px !important
}
.wrapper .size-22-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 31px !important; FONT-SIZE: 22px !important
}
.wrapper .size-22-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 44px !important
}
.wrapper .size-22-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 66px !important
}
.wrapper .size-24 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 32px !important; FONT-SIZE: 24px !important
}
.wrapper .size-24-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 32px !important; FONT-SIZE: 24px !important
}
.wrapper .size-24-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 32px !important; FONT-SIZE: 24px !important
}
.wrapper .size-24-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 48px !important
}
.wrapper .size-24-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 72px !important
}
.wrapper .size-26 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 34px !important; FONT-SIZE: 26px !important
}
.wrapper .size-26-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 34px !important; FONT-SIZE: 26px !important
}
.wrapper .size-26-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 34px !important; FONT-SIZE: 26px !important
}
.wrapper .size-26-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 52px !important
}
.wrapper .size-26-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 78px !important
}
.wrapper .size-28 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 36px !important; FONT-SIZE: 28px !important
}
.wrapper .size-28-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 36px !important; FONT-SIZE: 28px !important
}
.wrapper .size-28-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 36px !important; FONT-SIZE: 28px !important
}
.wrapper .size-28-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 56px !important
}
.wrapper .size-28-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 84px !important
}
.wrapper .size-30 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 38px !important; FONT-SIZE: 30px !important
}
.wrapper .size-30-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 38px !important; FONT-SIZE: 30px !important
}
.wrapper .size-30-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 38px !important; FONT-SIZE: 30px !important
}
.wrapper .size-30-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 60px !important
}
.wrapper .size-30-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 90px !important
}
.wrapper .size-32 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 40px !important; FONT-SIZE: 32px !important
}
.wrapper .size-32-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 40px !important; FONT-SIZE: 32px !important
}
.wrapper .size-32-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 40px !important; FONT-SIZE: 32px !important
}
.wrapper .size-32-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 64px !important
}
.wrapper .size-32-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 96px !important
}
.wrapper .size-34 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 43px !important; FONT-SIZE: 34px !important
}
.wrapper .size-34-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 43px !important; FONT-SIZE: 34px !important
}
.wrapper .size-34-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 43px !important; FONT-SIZE: 34px !important
}
.wrapper .size-34-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 68px !important
}
.wrapper .size-34-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 102px !important
}
.wrapper .size-36 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 43px !important; FONT-SIZE: 36px !important
}
.wrapper .size-36-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 43px !important; FONT-SIZE: 36px !important
}
.wrapper .size-36-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 43px !important; FONT-SIZE: 36px !important
}
.wrapper .size-36-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 72px !important
}
.wrapper .size-36-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 108px !important
}
.wrapper .size-40 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 47px !important; FONT-SIZE: 40px !important
}
.wrapper .size-40-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 47px !important; FONT-SIZE: 40px !important
}
.wrapper .size-40-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 47px !important; FONT-SIZE: 40px !important
}
.wrapper .size-40-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 80px !important
}
.wrapper .size-40-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 120px !important
}
.wrapper .size-44 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 50px !important; FONT-SIZE: 44px !important
}
.wrapper .size-44-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 50px !important; FONT-SIZE: 44px !important
}
.wrapper .size-44-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 50px !important; FONT-SIZE: 44px !important
}
.wrapper .size-44-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 88px !important
}
.wrapper .size-44-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 132px !important
}
.wrapper .size-48 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 54px !important; FONT-SIZE: 48px !important
}
.wrapper .size-48-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 54px !important; FONT-SIZE: 48px !important
}
.wrapper .size-48-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 54px !important; FONT-SIZE: 48px !important
}
.wrapper .size-48-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 96px !important
}
.wrapper .size-48-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 144px !important
}
.wrapper .size-56 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 60px !important; FONT-SIZE: 56px !important
}
.wrapper .size-56-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 60px !important; FONT-SIZE: 56px !important
}
.wrapper .size-56-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 60px !important; FONT-SIZE: 56px !important
}
.wrapper .size-56-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 112px !important
}
.wrapper .size-56-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 168px !important
}
.wrapper .size-64 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 68px !important; FONT-SIZE: 64px !important
}
.wrapper .size-64-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 68px !important; FONT-SIZE: 64px !important
}
.wrapper .size-64-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 68px !important; FONT-SIZE: 64px !important
}
.wrapper .size-64-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 128px !important
}
.wrapper .size-64-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 192px !important
}
.wrapper .size-72 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 76px !important; FONT-SIZE: 72px !important
}
.wrapper .size-72-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 76px !important; FONT-SIZE: 72px !important
}
.wrapper .size-72-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 76px !important; FONT-SIZE: 72px !important
}
.wrapper .size-72-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 144px !important
}
.wrapper .size-72-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 216px !important
}
.wrapper .size-80 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 84px !important; FONT-SIZE: 80px !important
}
.wrapper .size-80-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 84px !important; FONT-SIZE: 80px !important
}
.wrapper .size-80-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 84px !important; FONT-SIZE: 80px !important
}
.wrapper .size-80-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 160px !important
}
.wrapper .size-80-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 240px !important
}
.wrapper .size-96 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 100px !important; FONT-SIZE: 96px !important
}
.wrapper .size-96-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 100px !important; FONT-SIZE: 96px !important
}
.wrapper .size-96-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 100px !important; FONT-SIZE: 96px !important
}
.wrapper .size-96-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 192px !important
}
.wrapper .size-96-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 288px !important
}
.wrapper .size-112 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 116px !important; FONT-SIZE: 112px !important
}
.wrapper .size-112-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 116px !important; FONT-SIZE: 112px !important
}
.wrapper .size-112-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 116px !important; FONT-SIZE: 112px !important
}
.wrapper .size-112-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 224px !important
}
.wrapper .size-112-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 336px !important
}
.wrapper .size-128 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 132px !important; FONT-SIZE: 128px !important
}
.wrapper .size-128-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 132px !important; FONT-SIZE: 128px !important
}
.wrapper .size-128-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 132px !important; FONT-SIZE: 128px !important
}
.wrapper .size-128-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 256px !important
}
.wrapper .size-128-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 384px !important
}
.wrapper .size-144 {
LINE-HEIGHT: 148px !important; FONT-SIZE: 144px !important
}
.wrapper .size-144-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 148px !important; FONT-SIZE: 144px !important
}
.wrapper .size-144-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 148px !important; FONT-SIZE: 144px !important
}
.wrapper .size-144-m {
LINE-HEIGHT: 288px !important
}
.wrapper .size-144-l {
LINE-HEIGHT: 432px !important
}
}
</STYLE>
<META name=x-apple-disable-message-reformatting>
<STYLE type=text/css>
.main, .mso {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
table-layout: fixed;
}
* {
line-height: inherit;
}
[x-apple-data-detectors] {
color: inherit !important;
text-decoration: none !important;
}
.wrapper .footer__share-button a:hover,
.wrapper .footer__share-button a:focus {
color: #ffffff !important;
}
.wrapper .footer__share-button a.icon-white:hover,
.wrapper .footer__share-button a.icon-white:focus {
color: #ffffff !important;
}
.wrapper .footer__share-button a.icon-black:hover,
.wrapper .footer__share-button a.icon-black:focus {
color: #000000 !important;
}
.btn a:hover,
.btn a:focus,
.footer__share-button a:hover,
.footer__share-button a:focus,
.email-footer__links a:hover,
.email-footer__links a:focus {
opacity: 0.8;
}
.preheader,
.header,
.layout,
.column {
transition: width 0.25s ease-in-out, max-width 0.25s ease-in-out;
}
.preheader td {
padding-bottom: 8px;
}
.layout,
div.header {
max-width: 400px !important;
-fallback-width: 95% !important;
width: calc(100% - 20px) !important;
}
div.preheader {
max-width: 360px !important;
-fallback-width: 90% !important;
width: calc(100% - 60px) !important;
}
.snippet,
.webversion {
Float: none !important;
}
.stack .column {
max-width: 400px !important;
width: 100% !important;
}
.fixed-width.has-border {
max-width: 402px !important;
}
.fixed-width.has-border .layout__inner {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
.snippet,
.webversion {
width: 50% !important;
}
.mso .layout__edges {
font-size: 0;
}
.layout-fixed-width,
.mso .layout-full-width {
background-color: #ffffff;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 620px) {
.column,
.gutter {
display: table-cell;
Float: none !important;
vertical-align: top;
}
div.preheader,
.email-footer {
max-width: 560px !important;
width: 560px !important;
}
.snippet,
.webversion {
width: 280px !important;
}
div.header,
.layout,
.one-col .column {
max-width: 600px !important;
width: 600px !important;
}
.fixed-width.has-border,
.fixed-width.x_has-border,
.has-gutter.has-border,
.has-gutter.x_has-border {
max-width: 602px !important;
width: 602px !important;
}
.two-col .column {
max-width: 300px !important;
width: 300px !important;
}
.three-col .column,
.column.narrow,
.column.x_narrow {
max-width: 200px !important;
width: 200px !important;
}
.column.wide,
.column.x_wide {
width: 400px !important;
}
.two-col.has-gutter .column,
.two-col.x_has-gutter .column {
max-width: 290px !important;
width: 290px !important;
}
.three-col.has-gutter .column,
.three-col.x_has-gutter .column,
.has-gutter .narrow {
max-width: 188px !important;
width: 188px !important;
}
.has-gutter .wide {
max-width: 394px !important;
width: 394px !important;
}
.two-col.has-gutter.has-border .column,
.two-col.x_has-gutter.x_has-border .column {
max-width: 292px !important;
width: 292px !important;
}
.three-col.has-gutter.has-border .column,
.three-col.x_has-gutter.x_has-border .column,
.has-gutter.has-border .narrow,
.has-gutter.x_has-border .narrow {
max-width: 190px !important;
width: 190px !important;
}
.has-gutter.has-border .wide,
.has-gutter.x_has-border .wide {
max-width: 396px !important;
width: 396px !important;
}
}
@supports (display: flex) {
@media only screen and (min-width: 620px) {
.fixed-width.has-border .layout__inner {
display: flex !important;
}
}
}
/***
* Mobile Styles
*
* 1. Overriding inline styles
*/
@media(max-width: 619px) {
.email-flexible-footer .left-aligned-footer .column,
.email-flexible-footer .center-aligned-footer,
.email-flexible-footer .right-aligned-footer .column {
max-width: 100% !important; /* [1] */
text-align: center !important; /* [1] */
width: 100% !important; /* [1] */
}
.flexible-footer-logo {
margin-left: 0px !important; /* [1] */
margin-right: 0px !important; /* [1] */
}
.email-flexible-footer .left-aligned-footer .flexible-footer__share-button__container,
.email-flexible-footer .center-aligned-footer .flexible-footer__share-button__container,
.email-flexible-footer .right-aligned-footer .flexible-footer__share-button__container {
display: inline-block;
margin-left: 5px !important; /* [1] */
margin-right: 5px !important; /* [1] */
}
.email-flexible-footer__additionalinfo--center {
text-align: center !important; /* [1] */
}
.email-flexible-footer .left-aligned-footer table,
.email-flexible-footer .center-aligned-footer table,
.email-flexible-footer .right-aligned-footer table {
display: table !important; /* [1] */
width: 100% !important; /* [1] */
}
.email-flexible-footer .footer__share-button,
.email-flexible-footer .email-footer__additional-info {
margin-left: 20px;
margin-right: 20px;
}
}
@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2/1), only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), only screen and (min-resolution: 192dpi), only screen and (min-resolution: 2dppx) {
.fblike {
background-image: url(http://i7.cmail20.com/static/eb/master/13-the-blueprint-3/images/fblike@2x.png) !important;
}
.tweet {
background-image: url(http://i8.cmail20.com/static/eb/master/13-the-blueprint-3/images/tweet@2x.png) !important;
}
.linkedinshare {
background-image: url(http://i9.cmail20.com/static/eb/master/13-the-blueprint-3/images/lishare@2x.png) !important;
}
.forwardtoafriend {
background-image: url(http://i10.cmail20.com/static/eb/master/13-the-blueprint-3/images/forward@2x.png) !important;
}
}
@media (max-width: 321px) {
.fixed-width.has-border .layout__inner {
border-width: 1px 0 !important;
}
.layout,
.stack .column {
min-width: 320px !important;
width: 320px !important;
}
.border {
display: none;
}
.has-gutter .border {
display: table-cell;
}
}
.cmctbl--inline table {
border-collapse: collapse;
}
</STYLE>
<!--[if !mso]><!-->
<STYLE type=text/css>
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,700,400italic,700italic);
</STYLE>
<LINK rel=stylesheet type=text/css
href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Montserrat:400,700,400italic,700italic"><!--<![endif]-->
<STYLE type=text/css>
.main,.mso{background-color:#fff}.logo a:hover,.logo a:focus{color:#1e2e3b !important}.footer-logo a:hover,.footer-logo a:focus{color:#372d1b !important}.mso .layout-has-border{border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mso .layout-has-bottom-border{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mso .border{background-color:#ccc}.mso h1{}.mso h1{font-size:28px !important;line-height:36px !important}.mso h2{}.mso h2{font-size:22px !important;line-height:31px !important}.mso h3{}.mso h3{font-size:18px !important;line-height:26px !important}.mso .layout__inner{}.mso .footer__share-button p{}.mso .footer__share-button p{font-family:Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif}
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how world landed on temperature target
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<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">Almost every country agreed
to try and limit global heating to 1.5°C at the 2015 Paris climate
conference. The decision was hailed by small islanders and scientists who
warned that devastation lay beyond this threshold. </P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">Nearly eight years later,
meteorologists have confirmed that July 2023 was the hottest ever recorded
– a month in which the air temperature at our planet's surface was
<STRONG><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-r/">1.5°C
hotter than the pre-industrial average</A></STRONG>.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">Have efforts to avert
dangerous warming now officially failed? And what is so important about
the 1.5°C target anyway? </P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">You're reading the Imagine
newsletter – a weekly synthesis of academic insight on solutions to
climate change, brought to you by The Conversation. I'm Jack Marley,
energy and environment editor. This week, we're discussing life at
1.5°C.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"The threshold was
breached for a month before average temperatures dropped back. And July
2023 isn’t actually the first time this has happened either – the dubious
honour goes to February 2016, where we broke the threshold for a few
days," say Ailie Gallant and Kimberley Reid, climate and atmosphere
scientists at Monash University.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">Then, as now, Earth was in
what is called an El Niño event. This is the hot phase of a natural
fluctuation in the climate which tends to last a few years and temporarily
amplifies the background rate of warming caused predominantly by burning
fossil fuels (animal farming and deforestation are also big sources of
planet-warming greenhouse gases like CO₂ and methane). </P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">These two factors combined
meant Earth exceeded the 1.5°C threshold for a whole month for the first
time this summer.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"But the climate is more
than a single month," Gallant and Reid stress.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">The Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change, the global authority on climate change, defines
the threshold as the first 20-year period in which air surface
temperatures average 1.5°C above what they were between 1850 and 1900
(referred to as the pre-industrial average). <A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-y/">A
study</A> published earlier this year estimates that we could pass
this point in the early 2030s.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">So what awaits us in this
world made a degree-and-a-half hotter? Gallant and Reid describe
"dangerous" levels of warming as that which threatens the stability of
ecosystems, economies and agriculture and makes adapting very difficult or
impossible.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"Put simply, the 1.5°C
threshold is the best estimate of the point where we are likely to find
ourselves well up the proverbial creek, without a paddle," they say.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">And then there is the risk
of triggering <A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-j/"><STRONG>irreversible
climate tipping points</STRONG></A>. These are self-sustaining shifts in
the climate system that lock in devastating changes after a certain level
of warming has occurred, such as the collapse of ice sheets or the rapid
die-back of the Amazon rainforest. Both changes could accelerate the rate
at which Earth is heating by reflecting less sunlight to space or
releasing more carbon to the atmosphere.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">But a scientist studying
these possible tipping points explains that passing 1.5°C is not
necessarily "game over" for the climate.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"Most scientists don’t
expect the world to reach a slew of climate tipping points if El Niño
causes the world to cross 1.5°C briefly," Stockholm University's David
Armstrong McKay wrote in April.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"Our estimates for climate
tipping point thresholds are based on what would happen if global warming
stayed at that level for many years. So a tipping threshold that is
estimated to lie at 1.5°C won’t have been reached until global
temperatures average 1.5°C for around a decade."</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">If that sounds reassuring,
McKay has a caveat:</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"Recent research I led
judged that several of these climate tipping points become likely beyond
1.5°C and can’t be ruled out even at current warming of around 1.2°C."</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">If dangerous shifts in
Earth's climate are possible south of 1.5°C, why is so much hope and
anxiety invested in it?</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"There’s nothing magic
about this number," Gallant and Reid say. "Every increase worsens the
impacts."</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px"><STRONG>'2°C is a death
sentence'</STRONG></P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">For much of the time
countries have been debating Earth's rising temperature, 1.5°C was not the
official goal at all.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"Halting global heating at
2°C remained the horizon to which negotiators strived for nearly two
decades," says Piers Forster, director of the Priestley International
Centre for Climate at the University of Leeds. "And yet, you’re more
likely to hear about the rapidly approaching 1.5°C temperature limit
nowadays."</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">That world leaders
eventually agreed to revise down the acceptable level of climate damage is
testament to the campaigning of a formation of island nations known as the
Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), Forster says.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">At Copenhagen's 2009
climate summit, the world still lacked a scientific assessment of what a
"safe" limit to warming looked like. But research had started to paint a
picture of an Earth 2°C warmer: widespread coral bleaching, receding
coastlines and increasingly erratic weather. Worse, it seemed sea-level
rise would proceed more rapidly and violently than in earlier predictions.
At stake was the survival of some small islands.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"Only stopping global
temperature rise well below 1.5°C would head off this catastrophe, AOSIS
argued," Forster says. "As Mia Mottley, prime minister of Barbados, would
later put it: '2°C is a death sentence.'"</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"The idea that a 'safe'
level of warming could be achieved was subjective: current levels were
already unsafe for those on the sharpest end of climate change," Forster
adds.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">The story of the 1.5°C
limit highlights that <A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-t/"><STRONG>the
only acceptable level of warming</STRONG></A> is that which humanity
collectively decides, Forster says. So can the Paris signatories still
keep their promise? Maybe, say Gallant and Reid.</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"We would need extremely
aggressive cuts to emissions to have a chance. Failing that, we will
likely exceed the Paris target within the next decade or so."</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"The closer we stay to the
line – even if we cross it – the better. And there’s now good evidence
that even if we overshoot 1.5°C, we could still reverse it by ending
emissions and soaking up excess greenhouse gas emissions. </P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px">"It’s like turning around
an enormous container ship – it takes time to overcome the inertia. But
the sooner we turn around, the better."</P>
<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px"><EM>Correction: last
week's newsletter on invasive species referred to "rivers choked with
[Japanese] knotweed". This behaviour is more accurately ascribed to
Himalayan balsam.</EM></P>
<P
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><EM>- Jack Marley, Environment commissioning
editor</EM></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
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<P style="MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px"><EM><SPAN
style="COLOR: #000000">Was this email forwarded to you? Join the 20,000
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data-emb-iscopy="true">Subscribe to
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style="LINE-HEIGHT: 15px; FONT-SIZE: 15px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> </DIV>
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style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 320px; MAX-WIDTH: 600px; WORD-WRAP: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word"
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<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"
align=center><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-d/"><IMG
style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: block; MAX-WIDTH: 668px; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: auto; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px"
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alt="A person sits shirtless on the bank of the Seine in Paris."
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<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV
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<P
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 28px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 20px"
lang=x-size-24 class=size-24><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-h/"><STRONG>We
just blew past 1.5 degrees. Game over on climate?
Not yet</STRONG></A></P>
<P
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16>July was the hottest month on record – and
took us past 1.5 degrees. But one month isn't the same as failing to
meet our Paris Agreement goals.</P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px"
class="btn btn--flat btn--small"><!--[if !mso]><!--><A
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href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-k/">Read
more</A><!--<![endif]--><!--[if mso]><p style="line-height:0;margin:0;"> </p><v:roundrect xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-k/" style="width:68.25pt" arcsize="13%" fillcolor="#29339B" stroke="f"><v:textbox style="mso-fit-shape-to-text:t" inset="0pt,3.75pt,0pt,3.75pt"><center style="font-size:11px;line-height:19px;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-text-raise:1.25px">Read more</center></v:textbox></v:roundrect><![endif]-->
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<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 2px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ccc; WIDTH: 40px; DISPLAY: block; MARGIN-LEFT: auto; FONT-SIZE: 2px; MARGIN-RIGHT: auto"
class=divider></DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td></tr></table><![endif]--></DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 20px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> </DIV>
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 320px; MAX-WIDTH: 600px; WORD-WRAP: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word"
class="layout fixed-width stack">
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: table; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse"
class=layout__inner><!--[if mso]><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation"><tr class="layout-fixed-width" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><td style="width: 200px" valign="top" class="w160"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column narrow">
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<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"
align=center><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-u/"><IMG
style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: block; MAX-WIDTH: 480px; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: auto; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px"
alt="A firefighter in yellow uniform pulls a hose towards a fire raging in yellow brush."
src="http://i3.cmail20.com/ei/r/03/C84/210/001359/csfinal/file-20230707-1849-asuqgk-990000079e01453c.jpeg"
width=160></A> </DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td><td style="width: 400px" valign="top" class="w360"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column wide">
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV
style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-text-raise: 11px">
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><STRONG><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-o/">What
El Niño means for the world’s perilous climate
tipping points</A></STRONG></P>
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><SPAN style="COLOR: #202020">The Pacific
Ocean is entering the hot phase of its temperature cycle, an event that
will turbo-charge global warming.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" class="btn btn--flat btn--small"><!--[if !mso]><!--><A
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #29339b; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; PADDING-RIGHT: 12px; DISPLAY: inline-block; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat, DejaVu Sans, Verdana, sans-serif; COLOR: #ffffff !important; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none !important; PADDING-TOP: 6px; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; border-radius: 4px"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-b/">Read
more</A><!--<![endif]--><!--[if mso]><p style="line-height:0;margin:0;"> </p><v:roundrect xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-b/" style="width:68.25pt" arcsize="13%" fillcolor="#29339B" stroke="f"><v:textbox style="mso-fit-shape-to-text:t" inset="0pt,3.75pt,0pt,3.75pt"><center style="font-size:11px;line-height:19px;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-text-raise:1.25px">Read more</center></v:textbox></v:roundrect><![endif]-->
</DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td></tr></table><![endif]--></DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 20px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> </DIV>
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 320px; MAX-WIDTH: 600px; WORD-WRAP: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word"
class="layout fixed-width stack">
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: table; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse"
class=layout__inner><!--[if mso]><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation"><tr class="layout-fixed-width" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><td style="width: 200px" valign="top" class="w160"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column narrow">
<DIV style="MARGIN: 12px 20px">
<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"
align=center><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-n/"><IMG
style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: block; MAX-WIDTH: 480px; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: auto; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px"
alt="A teenager holding a picture of a sickly Earth with 1.5°C written on it."
src="http://i4.cmail20.com/ei/r/03/C84/210/001359/csfinal/file-20221213-16222-hs3av3-990000079e01453c.jpeg"
width=160></A> </DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td><td style="width: 400px" valign="top" class="w360"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column wide">
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV
style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-text-raise: 11px">
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><STRONG><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-p/">1.5°C:
where the target came from – and why we’re losing sight of
its importance</A></STRONG></P>
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><SPAN style="COLOR: #202020">There is no safe
limit to global warming – there is only what people deem to be acceptable
damage.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" class="btn btn--flat btn--small"><!--[if !mso]><!--><A
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #29339b; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; PADDING-RIGHT: 12px; DISPLAY: inline-block; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat, DejaVu Sans, Verdana, sans-serif; COLOR: #ffffff !important; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none !important; PADDING-TOP: 6px; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; border-radius: 4px"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-x/">Read
more</A><!--<![endif]--><!--[if mso]><p style="line-height:0;margin:0;"> </p><v:roundrect xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-x/" style="width:68.25pt" arcsize="13%" fillcolor="#29339B" stroke="f"><v:textbox style="mso-fit-shape-to-text:t" inset="0pt,3.75pt,0pt,3.75pt"><center style="font-size:11px;line-height:19px;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-text-raise:1.25px">Read more</center></v:textbox></v:roundrect><![endif]-->
</DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td></tr></table><![endif]--></DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 20px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> </DIV>
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 320px; MAX-WIDTH: 600px; WORD-WRAP: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word"
class="layout fixed-width stack">
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: table; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse"
class=layout__inner><!--[if mso]><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation"><tr class="layout-fixed-width" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><td style="width: 200px" valign="top" class="w160"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column narrow">
<DIV style="MARGIN: 12px 20px">
<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"
align=center><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-q/"><IMG
style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: block; MAX-WIDTH: 480px; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: auto; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px"
alt="India from space, with thermometer showing 40C."
src="http://i5.cmail20.com/ei/r/03/C84/210/001359/csfinal/file-20220511-17-e3dc80-990000079e01453c.jpeg"
width=160></A> </DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td><td style="width: 400px" valign="top" class="w360"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column wide">
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV
style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-text-raise: 11px">
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><STRONG><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-a/">Climate
breakdown: even if we miss the 1.5°C target we must still fight to prevent
every single increment of warming</A></STRONG></P>
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><SPAN style="COLOR: #202020">Every tenth of a
degree makes climate change significantly worse.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" class="btn btn--flat btn--small"><!--[if !mso]><!--><A
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #29339b; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; PADDING-RIGHT: 12px; DISPLAY: inline-block; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat, DejaVu Sans, Verdana, sans-serif; COLOR: #ffffff !important; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none !important; PADDING-TOP: 6px; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; border-radius: 4px"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-f/">Read
more</A><!--<![endif]--><!--[if mso]><p style="line-height:0;margin:0;"> </p><v:roundrect xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-f/" style="width:68.25pt" arcsize="13%" fillcolor="#29339B" stroke="f"><v:textbox style="mso-fit-shape-to-text:t" inset="0pt,3.75pt,0pt,3.75pt"><center style="font-size:11px;line-height:19px;color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;mso-text-raise:1.25px">Read more</center></v:textbox></v:roundrect><![endif]-->
</DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td></tr></table><![endif]--></DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 20px; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"> </DIV>
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; MARGIN: 0px auto; WIDTH: 320px; MAX-WIDTH: 600px; WORD-WRAP: break-word; overflow-wrap: break-word"
class="layout fixed-width stack">
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: table; BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse"
class=layout__inner><!--[if mso]><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" role="presentation"><tr class="layout-fixed-width" style="background-color: #ffffff;"><td style="width: 200px" valign="top" class="w160"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 200px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 320px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column narrow">
<DIV style="MARGIN: 12px 20px">
<DIV
style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-WEIGHT: normal"
align=center><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-z/"><IMG
style="BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDTH: 100%; DISPLAY: block; MAX-WIDTH: 480px; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: 0px; BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: 0px; HEIGHT: auto; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: 0px"
alt="A crowd beneath the Eiffel Tower with banners reading '1.5C hope' and '3C doom'."
src="http://i6.cmail20.com/ei/r/03/C84/210/001359/csfinal/image-20151209-15580-4ejd58-990000079e01453c.jpeg"
width=160></A> </DIV></DIV></DIV><!--[if mso]></td><td style="width: 400px" valign="top" class="w360"><![endif]-->
<DIV
style="MIN-WIDTH: 320px; TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WIDTH: 320px; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat,DejaVu Sans,Verdana,sans-serif; MAX-WIDTH: 400px; FLOAT: left; COLOR: #202020; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
class="column wide">
<DIV style="MARGIN-TOP: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV
style="VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-text-raise: 11px">
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><STRONG><A
style="COLOR: #202020; TEXT-DECORATION: underline; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-v/">How
1.5 became the most important number at the Paris
climate talks</A></STRONG></P>
<P
style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; MARGIN-TOP: 20px; MARGIN-BOTTOM: 20px; FONT-SIZE: 16px"
lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><SPAN style="COLOR: #202020">1.5 or 2
degrees? What matters is how we get there.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12px; MARGIN-LEFT: 20px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 20px">
<DIV style="TEXT-ALIGN: left" class="btn btn--flat btn--small"><!--[if !mso]><!--><A
style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; PADDING-BOTTOM: 6px; LINE-HEIGHT: 19px; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #29339b; PADDING-LEFT: 12px; PADDING-RIGHT: 12px; DISPLAY: inline-block; FONT-FAMILY: Montserrat, DejaVu Sans, Verdana, sans-serif; COLOR: #ffffff !important; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-WEIGHT: bold; TEXT-DECORATION: none !important; PADDING-TOP: 6px; transition: opacity 0.1s ease-in; border-radius: 4px"
href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-e/">Read
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href="https://theconversationuk.cmail20.com/t/r-l-tturhlc-nljldnkrt-g/">Not
convinced on the need for urgent climate action? Here’s what happens to
our planet between 1.5°C and 2°C of global warmin</A></STRONG><A
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lang=x-size-16 class=size-16><SPAN style="COLOR: #202020">Nations are
signed up to limit global heating to well below 2°C, and to aim for 1.5°C.
Limiting warming to the latter matters – the future of humanity and the
living world is at stake.</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
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